Lyell, Sir Charles, 1797-1875 (1st Baronet | Scottish geologist)
Dates
- Existence: 14 November 1797 - 22 February 1875
Biography
Charles Lyell Project - 2020
Biography
Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875) wrote many geological papers, mainly published by the Geological Society of London (1807-present day), but his reputation rests almost entirely on his work Principles of Geology, ( 1830-1833) inspired in part by a European tour with Sir Roderick Impey Murchison and also his knowledge of James Hutton's Theory of the Earth. In this work, first published in three volumes, Lyell propounded his theory of uniformitarianism, which holds that all geological formations can be explianed solely in terms of natural processes which can be observed in operation today. This ran counter to the prevailing theory which assumed that mountain-building and other geological phenomena could only have occurred as a result of major cataclysmic events in the past. Lyell's uniformitarianism was developed in order to reject the progressionism implicit in the prevailing theory, which he saw as leading to evolution, an idea which he strongly opposed. Ironically, Lyell's opposition to evolution brought the idea to scientists' attention and the vast time scales required by uniformitarianism enabled Darwin to conceive of his version of evolutionary theory. Lyell's other works include: The Elements of Geology, ( 1837) Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man, ( 1863-1873).
Charles Lyell's father was an active naturalist, and Lyell had access to an elaborate library which included works on geology. Whilst at Oxford University he attended lectures by William Buckland, professor of geology, that triggered his enthusiasm for the subject. He became more and more interested in the subject and made many geological tours with his family in England and Scotland in 1817, and on the Continent the following year, the first of many trips abroad. In 1828 he explored the volcanic region of the Auvergne, then went to Mount Etna to gather supporting evidence for the theory of geology he would expound in his Principles of Geology . He also made numerous tours of the United States, described in Travels in North America, ( 1909) . His writings deal with the rock cycle, which explains how one type of rock is transformed into another. Lyell also expounds notions on volcanic forces, deposition, erosion and palaeontology in his writings. His work helped to establish the modern study of geology and geologic time. In addition to rock formation, he also wrote about palaeontology. It was Lyell who proposed the idea of reference fossils - fossils which are indicative of certain periods of geologic time. He divided geologic time into four periods: Pleistocene, Older Pliocene, Miocene and Eocene. His final work, The Antiquity of Man, ( 1863) , was a wide-ranging study of the human fossil record. In this work Lyell finally accepted Darwinian evolution, but still tried to insist that there was a radical discontinuity between humankind and the rest of the animal kingdom.
In 1823 Lyell was appointed secretary of the Geological Society of London, and 3 years later they made him their foreign secretary. He was twice President in 1836 and 1850. Lyell was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1826. He was awarded a Royal Medal in 1834 and the Copley Medal in 1858 and in 1866 he was awarded the Wollaston Medal. In 1832 he was the first professor of geology at King's College, London, and became President of the British Association in 1864.
Found in 1018 Collections and/or Records:
Correspondence from Gabriell Auguste Daubrée, 1874-1896
The Correspondence from Gabriell Auguste Daubrée sub-series consists of:
- 22 letters, chronologically arranged (1874-1896)
Correspondence: Joseph Wilson Lowry to HR Mill, 1839-1909
The Correspondence: Joseph Wilson Lowry to HR Mill sub-series consists of:
- 35 letters, alphabetically arranged (1839-1909)
Correspondence - Letters between Sir Charles Lyell and Mary E. Lyell (neé Horner), 4 August 1831 - 13 July 1863
Correspondence - Letters by Sir Charles Lyell, 1839-1874
Correspondence - Letters from Sir Charles Lyell to his Family, 1806-1874
Correspondence of Sir Archibald Geikie A-M, late 19th century
The Correspondence of Sir Archibald Geikie A-M series consists of:
- letters alphabetically arranged by sender, including those from Charles Robert Darwin, the Geological Society, Joseph Lister, Sir Charles Lyell and Sir Roderick Impey Murchison
- postcards
- obituaries
Correspondence to Charles Lyell, A-Z 1927 tranche , 1831-1873
Correspondence to Charles Lyell, A-Z 'Acceptance in Lieu' tranche, 1826-c. 1884
- 10 boxes of correspondence
- 2 boxes of miscellaneous papers and lecture notes
- 24 boxes of offprints of papers
- 294 notebooks
Correspondence to Sir Archibald Geikie: Alexander Henry Green to Edward Townley Hardman, 1855-1901
The Correspondence to Sir Archibald Geikie: Alexander Henry Green to Edward Townley Hardman sub-series consists of:
- 32 letters, alphabetically arranged (1855-1901)
- 2 letters from Valentine Ball (1894)
Correspondence - Transcripts of Letters by Sir Charles Lyell to Charles Darwin, 1837-1874
Transcripts of letters by Sir Charles Lyell to Charles Darwin, the originals being held in the Library of the American Philosophical Society