Lyell, Sir Charles, 1797-1875 (1st Baronet | Scottish geologist)
Dates
- Existence: 14 November 1797 - 22 February 1875
Biography
Charles Lyell Project - 2020
Biography
Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875) wrote many geological papers, mainly published by the Geological Society of London (1807-present day), but his reputation rests almost entirely on his work Principles of Geology, ( 1830-1833) inspired in part by a European tour with Sir Roderick Impey Murchison and also his knowledge of James Hutton's Theory of the Earth. In this work, first published in three volumes, Lyell propounded his theory of uniformitarianism, which holds that all geological formations can be explianed solely in terms of natural processes which can be observed in operation today. This ran counter to the prevailing theory which assumed that mountain-building and other geological phenomena could only have occurred as a result of major cataclysmic events in the past. Lyell's uniformitarianism was developed in order to reject the progressionism implicit in the prevailing theory, which he saw as leading to evolution, an idea which he strongly opposed. Ironically, Lyell's opposition to evolution brought the idea to scientists' attention and the vast time scales required by uniformitarianism enabled Darwin to conceive of his version of evolutionary theory. Lyell's other works include: The Elements of Geology, ( 1837) Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man, ( 1863-1873).
Charles Lyell's father was an active naturalist, and Lyell had access to an elaborate library which included works on geology. Whilst at Oxford University he attended lectures by William Buckland, professor of geology, that triggered his enthusiasm for the subject. He became more and more interested in the subject and made many geological tours with his family in England and Scotland in 1817, and on the Continent the following year, the first of many trips abroad. In 1828 he explored the volcanic region of the Auvergne, then went to Mount Etna to gather supporting evidence for the theory of geology he would expound in his Principles of Geology . He also made numerous tours of the United States, described in Travels in North America, ( 1909) . His writings deal with the rock cycle, which explains how one type of rock is transformed into another. Lyell also expounds notions on volcanic forces, deposition, erosion and palaeontology in his writings. His work helped to establish the modern study of geology and geologic time. In addition to rock formation, he also wrote about palaeontology. It was Lyell who proposed the idea of reference fossils - fossils which are indicative of certain periods of geologic time. He divided geologic time into four periods: Pleistocene, Older Pliocene, Miocene and Eocene. His final work, The Antiquity of Man, ( 1863) , was a wide-ranging study of the human fossil record. In this work Lyell finally accepted Darwinian evolution, but still tried to insist that there was a radical discontinuity between humankind and the rest of the animal kingdom.
In 1823 Lyell was appointed secretary of the Geological Society of London, and 3 years later they made him their foreign secretary. He was twice President in 1836 and 1850. Lyell was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1826. He was awarded a Royal Medal in 1834 and the Copley Medal in 1858 and in 1866 he was awarded the Wollaston Medal. In 1832 he was the first professor of geology at King's College, London, and became President of the British Association in 1864.
Found in 1018 Collections and/or Records:
Fox, Henry Stephen, no date [first half of the 19th century]
Autograph letter signed from Henry Stephen Fox to Sir Charles Lyell (no date): "I am very much obliged to you for your note, and shall have great pleasure in not missing this opportunity, as I unfortunately did the former one, of making your acquaintance and that of Mrs. Lyell. – You will find me at home tomorrow (Sunday), at any hour after one o clock: I shall have to apologize for receiving your visit in an almost unfurnished apartment [...]".
Gaetano Gemmellaro Envelope, 5 November 1858
Empty envelope sent from Gaetano Gemmellaro in Catania, Sicily, to Sir Charles Lyell in London, 5 November 1858.
General Index Book , 1855 - 1868
General Index Book, 1855 - 1874
Geological cross section of Grand Canary from North to South, 1855
Geological cross section of Grand Canary from Maspalomas in the North to Banaderos Bay in the south showing rock types. The length of the land depicted in the cross section is 26 geographical miles and the greatest height is 6400 feet, 1855.
Geological Cross Section of Madeira, 1850s
Watercolour geological cross section of the Island of Madeira from Funchal to [Paco] Girao showing the Caldera and other geological features, 1850s. Unsigned, may be Hartung.
Geological Miscellany, 1857
Printed extract from Wolfgang Sartorius Von Waltershausen's Atlas of Etna, note regarding Junghahn's treatment of the double cones of Java and geological sketch of Colanna [presumably Etna], 1857.
Geological notes, c 1850
Geological notes and sketches in pencil. [1850s].
Geological notes of Forfarshire, c1822-1824
One Notebook with smaller notebook glued inside. Geological notes, pencil and ink sketches and cross sections, relating to work on Forfarshire c1822-1824.
Geological Sections of Coast of Forfarshire, c1822-1824
Notebook containing landscape sketches and annotated cross-sections of the coast of Forfarshire in pencil and watercolour, c1822-1824.