Barker, Robert, 1739-1806 (Irish artist)
Dates
- Existence: 1739 - 1806
Biography
Robert Barker was an Irish artist, born in 1739. He worked in Edinburgh in the late 18th century and invented the 'panorama' concept - a 360 degree view designed to be placed round the inside of a cylinder and viewed from the centre. The word was taken from the Greek 'pan', 'all', and 'horama', a view (from 'horan', to see).
Barker was granted letters patent in June 1787 by George III to display his panoramas. Although these were displayed in London, his first panorama was a view of Edinburgh displayed in Edinburgh in 1788.
The story goes that he was out walking on Calton Hill with the whole vista of the City of Edinburgh laid out before him, and he seized upon capturing the scene in the round. In 1787 he opened an exhibition in Edinburgh which was to have a major impact on the 19th and 20th century entertainment industries. It featured a panoramic view of the city painted around the inner wall of a rotunda which, when viewed from the centre of the room, gave the spectator the illusion of reality. Viewers were admitted via a spiral staircase to a central gallery. Special note was made that the viewer should not see the top or bottom of the painting to improve the illusion "of being on the very spot". Barker took his invention to London where it was an immediate success. Housed in specially built circular buildings, Panoramas subsequently became a very popular form of visual entertainment, in some ways heralding the cinema. Unfortunately none of Barker's large-scale Panoramas survive.
This type of illustration caught the public imagination and panorama viewing establishments soon opened in London, Paris and New York, and with the panoramas growing in size all the time. In the US they were often called 'cycloramas', a term which was first recorded from the 1840s.
In London, Barker panoramas were exhibited at an establishment in Castle Street, off Leicester Square. In 1791, a view of London from the roof of the Albion Mills was displayed. Later on, from 1793, Barker panoramas moved to the first purpose-built panorama building in the world, in Leicester Square, London.
Found in 9 Collections and/or Records:
18th century Royal warrant commanding the preparation of letters patent granting Robert Barker use for fourteen years of his invention 'La nature a coup d'oeil ... for displaying views of nature ... by oil painting', or 'panorama'
Coloured Panorama of Edinburgh
Coloured Panorama of Edinburgh
This small, watercolour version of Barker's first full Panorama is dated 1792. Its purpose is unclear, but it is related to a set of engravings published two years earlier.
Panorama of Edinburgh from Calton Hill
Panorama of London from the roof of the Albion Flour Mills
This is a small panorama in six panels showing a 360 degree view of London, centred on St. Paul's, seen from across the Thames. Aquatint engraving by Frederick Birnie, based on drawings by Henry Aston Barker, which were used to create the full-size panorama shown in Robert Barker's public panorama in 1792.
Viewers' key of a panorama entitled "Lord Nelson's Attack on Copenhagen", by Robert Barker and Henry Aston Barker
"Viewer's key" to a panorama of Constantinople and the town of Scutari, by Robert Barker
This is a viewer's key for a panorama by Robert Barker, representing the City of Constantinople and the Town of Scutari [now Üsküdar, a district of Istanbul Province] from the Leander Tower, printed by J. Adlard in ca 1801. It is an exploded circular diagram, with the illustrated features numbered, and a letterpress explanatory key.
Viewer's key to a panorama of Plymouth, entitled "The circle of observation in the Lower Room, Panorama, Leicester-Square. Representing a view of Plymouth"
Single sheet illustrated guide to the panorama of Plymouth, entitled "The circle of observation in the Lower Room, Panorama, Leicester-Square. Representing a view of Plymouth", displayed in the bigger of two galleries at Robert Barker's Panorama in Leicester-Square, London. Woodcut image, with letterpress text. The image reproduces the cylindrical panorama as a flat disc.
"Viewer's key" to Panorama of Constantinople and surrounding country
This is a viewers' guide to a panorama of Constantinople and surrounding country exhibited in Leicester Square, London, in 1801. The item is captioned "The Lower Circle of Observation exhibits a View of Constantinople and the Surrounding Country".
Westminster: [R. Barker], printed by J. Adlard, 1801. Broadside, 370 x 313 mm.