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MS 34: Gradual (Carthusian), late 14th century

 Item
Identifier: MS 34

Scope and Contents

A Gradual (or graduale) is a book which contains the chants sung during the Mass. It includes the music notation together with the words. Like the Breviary, it is divided into distinct parts according to the two main cycles of the liturgical year, which contain respectively all the parts of the liturgy which vary in accordance to a specific observance (proprium de tempore, 'proper of time' and proprium santorum, 'proper of saints') and those which are common to a specific category of saints, such as martyrs, confessors, virgins and so on (commune sanctorum, 'common of saints').

Each celebration includes different chants: the Introitus (the entrance chant, sung when the priest apporaches the altar); the Gradual Psalm (a responsorial chant which follows the reading of an epistle or other lection); the Alleluia; and the Sequence (sung before the reading of the Gospel; on certain occasions, such as during Lent, a Tract, a series of psalm verses, is sung instead of the Alleluia); the Offertory (sung during the offering of bread and wine at the Eucharist); the Communion (sung during the distribution of the Eucharist).

The manuscripts contains page-markers.

Proprium de tempore (Advent to Easter): starts on f. 1r. The 'proper of time' (or temporale) includes all the chants related to the moveable feasts of the year. The liturgical cycle begins with Advent and ends with Trinitytyde (the longest season, from the first Sunday after Pentecost to the first Sunday of Advent).

Litany: starts on f. 59v. It begins with the hypnotic invocation of a list of saints; each invocation is followed by the answer Ora pro nobis (with the plural variation Orate when more than one saint is invoked). The list is preceded by the words Kyrie eleison, Christe eleison, Kyrie eleison ('Lord have mercy, Christ have mercy, Lord have mercy'). A series of other invocations, followed by the answer libera nos Domine ('free us, Lord') or te rogamus audi nos ('we pray you, listen to us'), comes after the list of saints. The singing of the Litany was part of the celebrations of the Easter Vigil.

Proprium de tempore (Easter to Advent): starts on f. 62r. The continuation of the the Proper of Time', beginning with Easter Mass.

In Dedicatione Ecclesiae: the rubric appears at the bottom of f. 89r, the service begins on f. 89v with the words Terribilis est locus iste. It is the service performed on the anniversary of the dedication of a specific church.

Proprium Sanctorum: starts on f. 90r. The 'proper of saints' (or sanctorale) includes all the chants for the feasts dedicated to specific saints; they are fixed feasts, as they fall on the same date every year.

Votive Masses: start on f. 109r. Special Masses which are celebrated for a particular occasion or with a specific intention (for example to commemorate the dead, for the remission of sins, for an ecclesiastical authority, etc.).

Ordinary: starts on f. 110v. It consists of those chants of the Mass which remain the same regardless of the time of the year or any particular celebration. These include the Gloria, Kyrie, Credo, Preface (the part of the Eucharistic prayer that precedes the chanting of the Sanctus and the Canon, which in turn is the central part of the Eucharist), Sanctus and Hosanna, Agnus Dei, and Ite, missa est (the final song).

Tonary: starts on f. 114v. The Tonary (tonale in Latin) is a liturgical book where the chants are listed by their beginnings and classified according to the Gregorian mode (tonus) of their melodies. Only a few tones are

Writing

The hand is a fairly good specimen of Gothic.

Illumination

There are elaborate red and blue penwork initials at the beginning of the different sections. There are also some interesting verse initials in black, with occasional touches of green ornamented with small, delicate penwork faces.

Dates

  • Creation: late 14th century

Language of Materials

Latin.

Conditions Governing Access

The collection is open to all. The manuscripts can be consulted in the Centre for Research Collections, Edinburgh University Main Library.

Extent

1 bound MS volume

Custodial History

The book is Carthusian, but its provenance is doubtful. From a 16th century inscription inserted on a vellum leaf at the beginning we learn that it was presented to the Carthusian House of Saint Lawrence in Ittingen by Jerome Scheckenbirli, Prior of Basle in 1526: Graduale Carthusiense. Praesentem librum donavit Domui S. Laurentii in Ittingen Ord. Carth. venerabilis pater Hieronymus Scheckenbirli Prior Basile Anno Domini 1526. Circa Festum S. Marci I.H.S. Propter gloriam nominis tui Domine libera nos et propitius esto peccatis nostris propter nomen tuum Psal. 78 ('Carthusian Gradual. The venerable father Jerome Scheckenbirli donated the present book to the House of Saint Lawrence of the Carthusian order in Ittigen. Year of the Lord 1526. About the time of the celebration of Saint Mark'); the inscription contains the Christogram 'IHS' at the centre of the page and it is followed and by a quotation from Psalm 78 at the bottom of the same page ('for the glory of your name, O Lord, deliver us and forgive us our sins for your name's sake'). The Church of Saint Lawrence and a convent of the Augustinian order were built in the 12th century and sold, on account of poverty, to the Carthusians in 1461. The complex was burnt in 1524 and reconstructed at the time of the Counter-Reformation.

A series of special Masses in honour of Saint Margaret written on a vellum slip and pasted on the inner board at the beginning are from an earlier date than this inscription; they are: In die reliquiarum beate Margarete, In solempnitate beate Margarete, In festo commemorationis beatissime Margarete, Missa infra octavas ('On the day of the relics of the Blessed Margaret', 'On the day of the solemnity of the Blessed Margaret', 'On the feast of commemoration of the Blessed Margaret', 'Mass during the Octave [i.e. the eight days following a celebration]'). The same hand which has written the Masses has inserted Saint Bruno and Saint Margaret in the Litany (f. 60v) and Saint Bruno in the Proper of Saints (f. 105v). As Saint Bruno was the founder of the Carthusian Order, these additions seems to point to connections with a Carthusian nunnery dedicated to Saint Margaret, possibly at Basel.

In the Proper of Saints, in correspondence to the feast of Saint Maurice, a supplementary rubric has been added both by an early and by a late hand: sub honore Auganensium Martyrum. This refers to the legend of the foundation of the Benedictine monastery of Saint Maurice at Agaunum in the Canton Valais, south-west Switzerland.

There are a number of 17th and 18th century additions, all of which follow the Carthusian Use.

Previous reference

Laing 482

Physical Facet

Material: Vellum

Binding: From the 16th century. Oak boards covered pigskin, 2 brass clasps remaining, 2 diamond-shaped brass bosses and 4 corners lost, lettered Graduale Carthusiense MS (modern paper slip).

Collation: a8-o8, p3 = 115.

Dimensions

22.86 cm x 13.02 cm

General

Secundo folio: Ecce dominus veniet.

Foliation and number of lines to a page: ff. 115, 9 lines of music to a page.

Repository Details

Part of the University of Edinburgh Library Heritage Collections Repository

Contact:
Centre for Research Collections
University of Edinburgh Main Library
George Square
Edinburgh EH8 9LJ Scotland
+44(0)131 650 8379